Bilateral investment treaties (or, BITs) are international agreements establishing the terms and conditions for private investment by nationals and companies of one state in another state.
The first generation of these treaties were Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaties (FCNs), which required the host state to treat foreign investments on the same level as investments from any other state, including in some instances treatment that was as favourable as the host nation treated its own investments. FCNs also established the terms of trade and shipping between the parties, and the rights of foreigners to conduct business and own property in the host state.
The second generation of these treaties are Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), which set forth actionable standards of conduct that applied to governments in their treatment of investors from other states, including:
- fair and equitable treatment (often meaning national treatment or most favoured nation treatment);
- protection from expropriation;
- free transfer of means and full protection and security.
The distinctive feature of many BITs is that they allow for an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, whereby an investor whose rights under the BIT have been violated could have recourse to International arbitration, often under the auspices of the ICSID (International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes), rather than suing the host State in its own courts.
The world's first BIT was signed on November 25, 1959 between Pakistan and Germany. It is estimated that there are more than 2,500 BITs active in the world today.
Also see: Free Trade Agreements |
